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(further divide)

Толкование Перевод

1 we can further divide this category into two types ...

• в дальнейшем мы можем разделить эту категорию на два типа...

English-Russian dictionary of phrases and cliches for a specialist researcher > we can further divide this category into two types ...
2 subdivide

1. transitive verb
(further divide) erneut teilen; (divide into parts) unterteilen
2. intransitive verb
subdivide into something — sich in etwas (Akk.) teilen

* * *

verb

(to divide into smaller parts or divisions: Each class of children is subdivided into groups according to reading ability.) unterteilen

- academic.ru/71585/subdivision">subdivision

* * *

sub·di·vide

[ˌsʌbdɪˈvaɪd]

vt

▪ to \subdivide sth etw unterteilen

▪ to \subdivide sth among persons etw nochmals unter [mehreren] Personen aufteilen

▪ to \subdivide sth into sth etw in etw akk unterteilen

* * *

subdivide v/t

1. (v/i sich) unterteilen oder aufgliedern

2. US Land parzellieren

* * *
1. transitive verb
(further divide) erneut teilen; (divide into parts) unterteilen
2. intransitive verb
subdivide into something — sich in etwas (Akk.) teilen

* * *

(into) v.

aufgliedern v.

unterteilen (in) v.

English-german dictionary > subdivide
3 into

'intu
preposition

1) (to or towards the inside of; to within: The eggs were put into the box; They disappeared into the mist.) en, dentro de

2) (against: The car ran into the wall.) contra

3) (to the state or condition of: A tadpole turns into a frog; I've sorted the books into piles.) en

4) (expressing the idea of division: Two into four goes twice.) entre

into prep en / dentro de / a

they went into the shop entraron en la tienda

they jumped into the water se tiraron al agua

Muchas veces into implica un proceso de transformación

the frog turned into a prince la rana se convirtió en un príncipe

she made the material into a dress hizo un vestido con la tela

translate this letter into English traduce esta carta al inglés

he cut the cake into six pieces cortó la tarta en seis trozos into también expresa una división aritmética

five into twenty goes four times veinte dividido entre cinco son cuatro

into

tr['ɪntʊ]

preposition

1 (indicating movement) en, dentro de, a; (in direction of) a, hacia; (against) contra, con

■ I'm going into town voy al centro

■ they went into the house entraron en la casa

■ she's got to go into hospital tienen que ingresarla en el hospital

■ he jumped into the water saltó al agua

■ they climbed into bed se metieron en la cama

■ I bit into the apple mordí la manzana, di un mordisco a la manzana

■ the cheque must be paid into a bank account hay que ingresar el cheque en una cuenta bancaria

■ look into my eyes mira a mis ojos

■ speak into the receiver habla al auricular

■ I bumped into him me topé con él

■ he crashed into a tree chocó contra un árbol

■ I walked into a door me topé con una puerta

2 (time, age) hasta

■ she worked long into the night trabajó hasta muy avanzada la noche

■ he remained a bachelor until well into middle age permaneció soltero hasta bien entrada la mediana edad

■ I can see into the future puedo ver el futuro

■ three days into our holiday... a los tres días de empezar las vacaciones...

3 (indicating change) en, a

■ he turned water into wine transformó el agua en vino

■ he changed into a monster se convirtió en un monstruo

■ translate this into Spanish traduce esto al español

■ she wants to change some pounds into euros quiere cambiar libras en euros

■ cut it into small pieces cortadlo en trozos pequeños

■ a house divided into flats una casa dividida en pisos

■ I'll change into a dress me pondré un vestido

■ they came into power llegaron al poder

■ she went into journalism se dedicó al periodismo

■ an inquiry into the disaster una investigación sobre la catástrofe

4 SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL entre

■ what's four into twenty? ¿cuánto son veinte entre cuatro?

■ four into eight goes two ocho entre cuatro son dos

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be into something familiar (keen on) gustarle a uno algo 2 (interested in) ser aficionado,-a a algo

■ she's into skating le gusta patinar

■ he's into heavy rock le gusta el rock duro

into ['ɪn.tu:] prep

1) (indicating motion) : en, a, contra, dentro de

she got into bed: se metió en la cama

to get into a plane: subir a un avión

he crashed into the wall: chocó contra la pared

looking into the sun: mirando al sol

2) (indicating state or condition) : a, en

to burst into tears: echarse a llorar

the water turned into ice: el agua se convirtió en hielo

to translate into English: traducir al inglés

3) (indicating time)

far into the night: hasta bien entrada la noche

he's well into his eighties: tiene los ochenta bien cumplidos

4) (in mathematics)

3 into 12 is 4: 12 dividido por 3 es 4

into

prep.

• a prep.

• dentro de prep.

• en prep.

• hacia el interior de prep.

'ɪntu, before consonant 'ɪntə
preposition

1)

a) (indicating motion, direction)

to walk into a building — entrar en or (esp AmL) a un edificio

we drove into town — fuimos a la ciudad en coche

they helped him into the chair — lo ayudaron a sentarse en el sillón

she sat staring into space — estaba sentada mirando al vacío

I dropped a coin into the water — dejé caer una moneda en el agua

the cat shot up into the air — el gato salió volando por los aires

a journey into the future — un viaje al futuro

to translate something into Spanish — traducir* algo al español

b) ( against)

she walked into a tree — se dio contra un árbol

he drove into the other car — chocó con el otro coche

c) ( Math)

3 into 15 goes o is 5 — 15 dividido (por) 3 or entre 3 es 5

2) (in time, distance)

ten minutes into the game — a los diez minutos de empezar el partido

they talked far into the night — hablaron hasta bien entrada la noche

they penetrated deep into the jungle — entraron en el corazón de la selva

the project is well into its third year — el proyecto ya está bien adentrado en su tercer año

3) ( indicating result of action)

we split into two groups — nos dividimos en dos grupos

roll the dough into a ball — haga una bola con la masa

the snowman had melted into a puddle — el muñeco de nieve había quedado convertido en un charco

4) ( involved in) (colloq)

to be into something: she's really o heavily into jazz le ha dado fuerte por el jazz (fam); they're into drugs se drogan; at two, children are into everything — a los dos años, los niños son muy inquietos

['ɪntʊ]
PREP When into is an element in a phrasal verb, eg break into, enter into, look into, walk into, look up the verb.
1) (of place) en, dentro de

put it into the car/bag/cupboard — mételo en el or dentro del coche/bolso/armario

• to get into bed — meterse a la cama

• to get into a car — subir(se) a un coche

he helped his mother into the car — ayudó a su madre a subir al coche

• to go into the country — ir al campo

• I poured the milk into a cup — vertí la leche en una taza

• he went off into the desert — partió hacia el interior del desierto or adentrándose en el desierto

• he went further into the forest — siguió adentrándose en el bosque

• it fell into the lake — se cayó al lago

• they got into the plane — subieron al avión

• to come/go into a room — entrar en una habitación

• to go into town — ir al centro de la ciudad

• to go into the wood — adentrarse or penetrar en el bosque
go into
2) (of time)

it continued well or far into 1996 — siguió hasta bien entrado 1996

we talked far into the night — charlamos hasta bien entrada la noche

he's well into his fifties — tiene cincuenta y tantos largos

3) (change in condition etc)

• to change into a monster — volverse un or convertirse en un monstruo

to change pounds into dollars — cambiar libras por dólares

the rain changed into snow — la lluvia se convirtió en nieve

• they divided into two groups — se dividieron en dos grupos

• to translate sth into Spanish — traducir algo al español

• it turned into a pleasant day — resultó or se hizo un día muy agradable
burst into, change 3., divide, grow 1., 1), translate, turn 2., 5)
4) (Math)

• to divide 3 into 12 — dividir doce entre tres

• 2 into 6 goes 3 — seis entre dos son tres

5)

to be into sth >: he is really into jazz * — es un gran aficionado al or del jazz

to be into drugs — meterse drogas, andar metido en drogas

she's into health food — le va mucho lo de la comida sana

what are you into now? — ¿a qué te dedicas ahora?

the children/puppies are into everything! — ¡los críos/perritos andan revolviéndolo todo!

* * *
['ɪntu], before consonant ['ɪntə]
preposition

1)

a) (indicating motion, direction)

to walk into a building — entrar en or (esp AmL) a un edificio

we drove into town — fuimos a la ciudad en coche

they helped him into the chair — lo ayudaron a sentarse en el sillón

she sat staring into space — estaba sentada mirando al vacío

I dropped a coin into the water — dejé caer una moneda en el agua

the cat shot up into the air — el gato salió volando por los aires

a journey into the future — un viaje al futuro

to translate something into Spanish — traducir* algo al español

b) ( against)

she walked into a tree — se dio contra un árbol

he drove into the other car — chocó con el otro coche

c) ( Math)

3 into 15 goes o is 5 — 15 dividido (por) 3 or entre 3 es 5

2) (in time, distance)

ten minutes into the game — a los diez minutos de empezar el partido

they talked far into the night — hablaron hasta bien entrada la noche

they penetrated deep into the jungle — entraron en el corazón de la selva

the project is well into its third year — el proyecto ya está bien adentrado en su tercer año

3) ( indicating result of action)

we split into two groups — nos dividimos en dos grupos

roll the dough into a ball — haga una bola con la masa

the snowman had melted into a puddle — el muñeco de nieve había quedado convertido en un charco

4) ( involved in) (colloq)

to be into something: she's really o heavily into jazz le ha dado fuerte por el jazz (fam); they're into drugs se drogan; at two, children are into everything — a los dos años, los niños son muy inquietos

English-spanish dictionary > into
4 part

part [pα:t]

1. noun

   a. ( = section, division) partie f

• he spent part of his childhood in Wales il a passé une partie de son enfance au pays de Galles

• in part en partie

• it's all part of growing up c'est normal quand on grandit

• to him, it's all part of the job pour lui, ça fait partie du travail

• respect is an important part of any relationship le respect est un élément important de toute relation

• an important part of her work is... une part importante de son travail consiste à...

• to be part and parcel of sth faire partie (intégrante) de qch

► for the most part dans l'ensemble

   b. ( = episode) [of book, play] partie f ; [of serial] épisode m

• a six-part serial un feuilleton en six épisodes

   c. [of machine] pièce f

• you can't get the parts for this model on ne trouve pas de pièces pour ce modèle

   d. ( = measure) mesure f

   e. ( = role) rôle m

• he was just right for the part il était parfait pour ce rôle

• we all have our part to play nous avons tous notre rôle à jouer

• he had no part in it il n'y était pour rien

• I want no part in it je ne veux pas m'en mêler

► to take part (in sth) participer (à qch)

   f. ( = behalf) part f

• for my part pour ma part

• an error on the part of his secretary une erreur de sa secrétaire

   g. ( = place) in this part of the world dans le coin (inf)

   h. (US) ( = parting) (in hair) raie f

2. adverb

( = partly) en partie

• she is part French elle a des origines françaises

• this novel is part thriller, part ghost story ce roman est à la fois un thriller et une histoire de fantômes

3. transitive verb

   a. [+ people, boxers] séparer

• they were parted during the war ils ont étés séparés pendant la guerre

► to part company with sb ( = leave) quitter qn ; ( = disagree) ne plus être d'accord avec qn

   b. to part one's hair se faire une raie

4. intransitive verb

( = take leave of each other) se quitter ; ( = break up) [couple, boxers] se séparer ; ( = open up) [crowd, lips] s'ouvrir

• to part from sb quitter qn

• to part with [+ money] débourser ; [+ possessions] se défaire de ; [+ employee] se séparer de

5. compounds

► part exchange noun (British) reprise f

• to take a car in part exchange reprendre une voiture ► part of speech noun partie f du discours

► part payment noun ( = exchange) règlement m partiel ; ( = deposit) arrhes fpl

► part-time adjective à temps partiel

• to have a part-time job travailler à temps partiel adverb [work, study] à temps partiel ► part-timer noun employé (e) m(f) à temps partiel

* * *
[pɑːt] 1.
noun

1) ( of whole) gen partie f; ( of country) région f

in ou around these parts — dans la région

part of the reason is... — c'est en partie parce que...

to be (a) part of — faire partie de

the early part of my life — ma jeunesse

it's all part of being young — il faut bien que jeunesse se passe

that's the best/hardest part — c'est ça le meilleur/le plus dur

that's the part I don't understand — voilà ce que je ne comprends pas

to be good in parts — GB avoir de bons passages

for the most part — dans l'ensemble

my part of the world — mon pays

what are you doing in this part of the world? — qu'est-ce que tu fais par ici?

2) Technology ( component) pièce f

spare parts — pièces détachées

3) Television (of serial, programme) partie f

a two-part series — une série en deux épisodes

4) (share, role) rôle m (in dans)

to do one's part — jouer son rôle

I want no part in it —

I don't want any part of it — je ne veux pas m'en mêler

to take part — participer (in à)

they took no further part in it — ils n'ont rien fait de plus

5) Theatre, Television, Cinema rôle m (of de)

6) ( equal measure) mesure f

mix X and Y in equal parts — mélangez une quantité égale de X et Y

in a concentration of 30,000 parts per million — dans une concentration de 3%

7) Music (for instrument, voice) partie f; ( score) partition f

8) ( behalf)

on the part of — de la part de

for my part — pour ma part

to take somebody's part — prendre le parti de quelqu'un

9) US ( in hair) raie f
2.
adverb ( partly) en partie

it was part fear, part greed — c'était à la fois de la crainte et de la cupidité
3.
transitive verb

1) ( separate) séparer [two people]; écarter [legs]; entrouvrir [lips, curtains]; fendre [crowd, ocean, waves]

2) ( make parting in)

to part one's hair — se faire une raie
4.
intransitive verb

1) ( split up) se séparer

we parted friends — nous nous sommes quittés bons amis

to part from somebody — quitter quelqu'un

2) [crowd, clouds] ( divide) s'ouvrir; [rope, cable] se rompre

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- part with

••

a man of (many) parts — un homme qui a plusieurs cordes à son arc

to look the part — avoir la tête de l'emploi

to take something in good part — prendre quelque chose en bonne part

English-French dictionary > part
5 part

part

A n

1 ( of whole) gen partie f ; ( of country) région f ; part of the book/time/district une partie du livre/temps/quartier ; part of me hates him une partie de moi-même le déteste ; in ou around these parts dans la région ; in part en partie ; in part it's due to… c'est dû en partie à… ; part of the reason is… c'est en partie parce que… ; to be (a) part of faire partie de ; to feel part of avoir le sentiment de faire partie de ; to form part of faire partie de ; the early part of my life ma jeunesse ; it's all part of being young il faut bien que jeunesse se passe ; the latter part of the century la fin du siècle ; that's the best/hardest part c'est ça le meilleur/le plus dur ; that's the part I don't understand voilà ce que je ne comprends pas ; to be good in parts GB avoir de bons passages ; in parts it's very violent GB il y a des passages très violents ; for the most part dans l'ensemble ; my/our part of the world mon/notre pays ; what are you doing in this part of the world? qu'est-ce que tu fais par ici? ;

2 (component of car, engine, machine) pièce f ; machine/engine parts pièces de machine/de moteur ; spare parts pièces détachées ; parts and labour pièces et main-d'œuvre ;

3 TV (of serial, programme, part work) partie f ; ‘end of part one’ ‘fin de la première partie’ ; a two-/four-part series une série en deux/quatre épisodes ;

4 (share, role) rôle m (in dans) ; to do one's part jouer son rôle ; to have a part in sth jouer un rôle dans qch ; to have a part in deciding to do/in choosing jouer un rôle dans la décision de faire/dans le choix de ; I want no part in it, I don't want any part of it je ne veux pas m'en mêler ; to take part participer, prendre part (in à) ; they took no further part in it ils n'ont rien fait de plus ;

5 Theat, TV, Cin rôle m (of de) ; I got the part! j'ai le rôle! ; to play the part of jouer le rôle de ;

6 ( equal measure) mesure f ; two parts tonic to one part gin deux mesures de tonic pour une mesure de gin ; mix X and Y in equal parts mélangez une quantité égale de X et Y ; in a concentration of 30,000 parts per million dans une concentration de 3% ;

7 Mus (for instrument, voice) partie f ; the viola/tenor part la partie de l'alto/de ténor ; voice part partie vocale ;

8 Mus ( sheet music) partition f ; the piano part la partition du piano ;

9 ( behalf) on the part of de la part de ; it wasn't very nice on your part ce n'était pas très gentil de ta part ; for my/his part pour ma/sa part ; to take sb's part prendre le parti de qn ;

10 US ( in hair) raie f.

B adv ( partly) en partie ; it was part fear, part greed c'était à la fois de la crainte et de la cupidité.

C vtr

1 ( separate) séparer [couple, friends, boxers] ; écarter [legs] ; entrouvrir [lips, curtains] ; fendre [crowd, ocean, waves] ; to be parted from être séparé de ; ‘till death do us part’ ‘jusqu'à ce que la mort nous sépare’ ;

2 ( make parting in) to part one's hair se faire une raie ; he parts his hair on the left il se fait une raie à gauche.

D vi

1 (take leave, split up) [partners, husband and wife] se séparer ; we parted friends nous nous sommes quittés bons amis ; to part from quitter [husband, wife] ;

2 ( divide) [crowd, sea, lips, clouds] s'ouvrir ; Theat [curtains] se lever ;

3 ( break) [rope, cable] se rompre.

Idioms

a man/a woman of (many) parts un homme/une femme qui a plusieurs cordes à son arc ; to look the part avoir la tête de l'emploi ; to take sth in good part prendre qch en bonne part.

Phrasal verb

■ part with:

▶ part with [sth] se défaire de [money] ; se séparer de [object].

Big English-French dictionary > part
6 north

north [nɔ:θ]

1 noun

(a) Geography nord m;

∎ in the north au nord, dans le nord;

∎ the region to the north of Sydney la région au nord de Sydney;

∎ two miles to the north trois kilomètres au nord;

∎ look towards the north regardez vers le nord;

∎ I was born in the north je suis né dans le Nord;

∎ in the north of India dans le nord de l'Inde;

∎ the wind is in the north le vent est au nord;

∎ the wind is coming from the north le vent vient ou souffle du nord;

∎ History the North (in American Civil War) = les États antiesclavagistes du nord des États-Unis; (affluent countries) le Nord;

∎ the North-South divide (in Britain) = ligne fictive de démarcation, en termes de richesse, entre le nord de l'Angleterre (plus pauvre) et le sud (plus riche); (in global economy) fossé m Nord-Sud;

∎ South of England familiar north and south (rhyming slang mouth) bouche f, clapet m

(b) Cards nord m

2 adjective

(a) Geography nord (inv), du nord; (country, state) du Nord; (wall) exposé au nord;

∎ the north coast la côte nord;

∎ in north London dans le nord de Londres;

∎ in North India en Inde du Nord;

∎ the North Atlantic/Pacific l'Atlantique m/le Pacifique Nord;

∎ the North Atlantic Drift le Gulf Stream

(b) (wind) de nord, du nord

3 adverb

au nord; (travel) vers le nord, en direction du nord;

∎ the ranch lies north of the town le ranch est situé au nord de la ville;

∎ this room faces north cette pièce est exposée au nord;

∎ the trail heads (due) north le chemin va ou mène (droit) vers le nord;

∎ go north until you come to a village allez vers le nord jusqu'à ce que vous arriviez à un village;

∎ I drove north for two hours j'ai roulé pendant deux heures en direction du nord;

∎ we're going north for our holidays nous allons passer nos vacances dans le Nord;

∎ I travelled north je suis allé vers le nord;

∎ to sail north naviguer cap sur le nord;

∎ it's 20 miles north of Manchester c'est à 32 kilomètres au nord de Manchester;

∎ they live up north ils habitent dans le Nord;

∎ north by east/by west nord-quart-nord-est/nord-quart-nord-ouest;

∎ further north plus au nord;

∎ north of Watford = façon humoristique de désigner la partie nord de l'Angleterre

►► North Africa Afrique f du Nord;

∎ in North Africa en Afrique du Nord;

North African

1 noun

Nord-Africain(e) m,f

2 adjective

nord-africain, d'Afrique du Nord;

North America Amérique f du Nord; North American

1 noun

Nord-Américain(e) m,f

2 adjective

nord-américain, d'Amérique du Nord;

the North American Indians les Indiens mpl d'Amérique du Nord;

Economics North American Free Trade Agreement Accord m de libre-échange nord-américain;

the North Cape le cap Nord;

North Carolina la Caroline du Nord;

∎ in North Carolina en Caroline du Nord;

the North Circular = voie périphérique rapide au nord de Londres;

the North Country (in England) l'Angleterre f du Nord; (in America) = l'Alaska, le Yukon et les Territoires du Nord-Ouest;

∎ he's got a North Country accent il a un accent du Nord;

North Dakota le Dakota du Nord;

∎ in North Dakota dans le Dakota du Nord;

the North Downs = région de collines calcaires au sud de Londres;

North Island l'île f du Nord;

∎ in (the) North Island à l'île du Nord;

North Korea Corée f du Nord; North Korean

1 noun

Nord-Coréen(enne) m,f

2 adjective

nord-coréen;

the North Pole le pôle Nord;

North Rhine-Westphalia Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie f;

∎ in North Rhine-Westphalia en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie;

North Sea, the North Sea la mer du Nord;

the North Star l'étoile f Polaire;

the North Star State = surnom donné au Minnesota;

North Vietnam le Viêt-Nam du Nord;

∎ in North Vietnam au Viêt-Nam du Nord; North Vietnamese

1 noun

Nord-Vietnamien(enne) m,f

2 adjective

nord-vietnamien;

North Wales nord m du pays de Galles; North Walian

1 noun

habitant(e) m,f du nord du pays de Galles

2 adjective

du nord du pays de Galles;

North Yemen Yémen m du Nord;

∎ in North Yemen au Yémen du Nord;

North Yorkshire le North Yorkshire, = comté dans le nord-est de l'Angleterre;

∎ in North Yorkshire dans le North Yorkshire

✾ Film 'North by Northwest' Hitchcock 'La Mort aux trousses'

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > north
7 spread

spread [spred] (pt & pp spread)

1 noun

(a) (diffusion, growth → of epidemic, fire) propagation f, progression f; (→ of technology, idea) diffusion f, dissémination f; (→ of religion) propagation f;

∎ they are trying to prevent the spread of unrest to other cities ils essaient d'empêcher les troubles d'atteindre ou de gagner d'autres villes

(b) (range → of ages, interests) gamme f, éventail m;

∎ spread in interest rates différentiel m de taux d'intérêt;

∎ the commission represented a broad spread of opinion la commission représentait un large éventail d'opinions;

∎ maximum May temperatures show a ten-point spread les températures maximales du mois de mai montrent une variation de dix degrés

(c) (of wings) envergure f

(d) (of land) étendue f

(e) (period) période f;

∎ growth occurred over a spread of several years la croissance s'étala sur une période de plusieurs années

(f) (cover → for bed) couvre-lit m (tablecloth) nappe f; (dustcover) housse f

(g) Cookery (paste) pâte f à tartiner; (jam) confiture f; (butter substitute) ≃ margarine f;

∎ salmon spread beurre m de saumon;

∎ chocolate spread chocolat m à tartiner

(h) Press & Typography (two pages) double page f; (two-page advertisement) double page f publicitaire;

∎ the event was given a good spread l'événement a été largement couvert par la presse

(i) familiar (meal) festin^□ m;

∎ the hotel lays on a decent spread l'hôtel propose des repas tout à fait convenables^□ ;

∎ cold spread repas m froid^□

(j) American familiar (farm) ferme^□ f; (ranch) ranch^□ m;

∎ nice spread you've got here! belle propriété que vous avez là!

(k) Stock Exchange spread m

2 adjective

(a) (arms, fingers, legs) écarté

(b) Linguistics (vowel) non arrondi

3 transitive verb

(a) (apply → paint, jam, icing, plaster, glue) étaler; (→ asphalt) répandre; (→ manure) épandre;

∎ I spread mustard on the ham, I spread the ham with mustard j'ai étalé de la moutarde sur le jambon;

∎ he spread butter on a slice of toast or a slice of toast with butter il a tartiné de beurre une tranche de pain grillé;

∎ to spread ointment on a burn appliquer ou mettre de la pommade sur une brûlure;

∎ to spread the paint evenly étendre ou étaler la peinture en couches égales

(b) (open out, unfold → wings, sails) étendre, déployer; (→ arms, legs, fingers) écarter; (→ map, napkin, blanket) étaler; (→ rug) étendre; (→ fan) ouvrir;

∎ he spread his handkerchief over his face il étala son mouchoir sur son visage;

∎ she lay on her back, her arms spread elle était allongée sur le dos, les bras écartés;

∎ a bird with its wings spread un oiseau aux ailes déployées;

∎ figurative it's time you spread your wings il est temps que vous voliez de vos propres ailes

(c) (disseminate → disease, fire) propager, répandre; (→ news, idea, faith) propager; (→ rumour) répandre, faire courir; (→ lies) colporter; (→ terror, panic) répandre;

∎ the disease is spread by rats la maladie est propagée par les rats;

∎ the wind will spread the fire to the fields le vent va propager l'incendie jusque dans les champs;

∎ trade helped to spread the new technology to Asia le commerce a facilité la diffusion ou la dissémination de cette nouvelle technologie en Asie;

∎ the attack is at noon, spread the word! l'attaque est pour midi, faites passer ou passez le mot!;

∎ to spread the gospel prêcher ou répandre l'Évangile; figurative répandre la bonne parole

(d) (distribute over an area → photos, cards, possessions) étaler; (sand, straw) répandre;

∎ he spread his papers on the desk il étala ses papiers sur le bureau;

∎ her hair was spread over the pillow ses cheveux s'étalaient sur l'oreiller;

∎ we spread the contents of the bag over the floor nous étalâmes le contenu du sac sur le sol;

∎ the floor was spread with straw le sol était recouvert de paille;

∎ take your shoes off, you're spreading dirt everywhere! enlève tes chaussures, tu salis tout!;

∎ the explosion had spread debris over a large area l'explosion avait dispersé des débris sur une grande superficie;

∎ their troops are spread too thinly to be effective leurs troupes sont trop dispersées pour être efficaces;

∎ figurative to spread oneself too thinly se disperser

(e) (space out over a period of time) échelonner, étaler;

∎ the tourist season is now spread over six months la saison touristique s'étale maintenant sur six mois;

∎ the payments are spread over several months les paiements sont échelonnés ou étalés ou répartis sur plusieurs mois;

∎ to spread the losses over five years répartir les pertes sur cinq ans

(f) (divide up → tax burden, work load) répartir;

∎ a policy designed to spread wealth more evenly une mesure qui vise à distribuer plus équitablement les richesses

(g) Music (chord) arpéger

4 intransitive verb

(a) (stain) s'élargir; (disease, fame, suburb) s'étendre; (fire, desert, flood) gagner du terrain, s'étendre; (rumour, ideas, faith, terror, crime, suspicion) se répandre;

∎ panic spread through the crowd la panique a envahi ou gagné la foule;

∎ the epidemic is spreading to other regions l'épidémie gagne de nouvelles régions;

∎ the cancer had spread through her whole body le cancer s'était généralisé;

∎ the suburbs are spreading further everyday les banlieues s'étendent chaque jour un peu plus;

∎ the flood waters have spread across or over the whole plain l'inondation a gagné toute la plaine;

∎ the species spread throughout Africa l'espèce s'est répandue à travers toute l'Afrique

(b) (extend → over a period of time, a range of subjects) s'étendre;

∎ their correspondence spreads over twenty years leur correspondance s'étend sur vingt ans

(c) (butter, glue) s'étaler;

∎ the icing should spread easily le glaçage devrait s'étaler facilement

(d) Stock Exchange spéculer sur les différentiels de cours

►► spread betting = système de paris portant sur le résultat d'un événement sportif ou autre, où les gains sont proportionnels à la justesse des prédictions, selon une fourchette de résultats préétablie;

spread eagle

(a) Heraldry aigle f éployée

(b) (in skating) grand aigle m;

∎ to do a spread eagle faire un grand aigle

➲ spread about, spread around separable transitive verb

(rumour) répandre;

∎ have you been spreading it about that I…? est-ce que tu as été raconter partout que je…?

➲ spread out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (disperse) disperser, éparpiller;

∎ the buildings are spread out among the trees les bâtiments sont dispersés parmi les arbres;

∎ the runners are now spread out (along the course) les coureurs sont maintenant éparpillés le long du parcours;

∎ the population is very spread out la population est très dispersée;

∎ in a city as spread out as Los Angeles dans une ville aussi étendue que Los Angeles

(b) (space out in time → deliveries, payments) échelonner;

∎ to spread out over several financial years étaler sur plusieurs exercices;

∎ to spread out the losses over five years répartir les pertes sur cinq ans

(c) (open out, unfold → wings) étendre, déployer; (→ arms, legs, fingers) écarter; (→ map, napkin, blanket) étaler; (→ rug) étendre; (→ fan) ouvrir; (lay out → photos, cards, possessions) étaler;

∎ she lay on her back, her arms spread out elle était allongée sur le dos, les bras écartés;

∎ a bird with its wings spread out un oiseau aux ailes déployées;

∎ to spread oneself out (on sofa etc) s'étendre, s'allonger;

∎ the plain lay spread out in front of us la plaine s'étalait ou se déployait devant nous;

∎ he spread his papers out on the desk il étala ses papiers sur le bureau;

∎ their troops are spread out too thinly to be effective leurs troupes sont trop dispersées pour être efficaces

2 intransitive verb

(a) (town, forest) s'étendre

(b) (disperse) se disperser; (in formation) se déployer;

∎ the search party had spread out through the woods l'équipe de secours s'était déployée à travers les bois

(c) (open out → sail) se déployer, se gonfler

(d) (make oneself at ease) s'installer confortablement;

∎ I need an office where I can spread out j'ai besoin d'un bureau où je puisse étaler mes affaires

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > spread
8 Radcliffe, William

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

[br]

b. 1761 Mellor, Cheshire, England

d. 1842 Mellor, Cheshire, England

[br]

English inventor of the sizing machine.

[br]

Radcliffe was brought up in the textile industry and learned carding and spinning as a child. When he was old enough, he became a weaver. It was a time when there were not enough weavers to work up all the yarn being spun on the recently invented spinning machines, so some yarn was exported. Radcliffe regarded this as a sin; meetings were held to prohibit the export, and Radcliffe promised to use his best endeavours to discover means to work up the yarn in England. He owned a mill at Mellor and by 1801 was employing over 1,000 hand-loom weavers. He wanted to improve their efficiency so they could compete against power looms, which were beginning to be introduced at that time.

His first step was to divide up as much as possible the different weaving processes, not unlike the plan adopted by Arkwright in spinning. In order to strengthen the warp yarns made of cotton and to reduce their tendency to fray during weaving, it was customary to apply an adhesive substance such as starch paste. This was brushed on as the warp was unwound from the back beam during weaving, so only short lengths could be treated before being dried. Instead of dressing the warp in the loom as was hitherto done, Radcliffe had it dressed in a separate machine, relieving the weaver of the trouble and saving the time wasted by the method previously used. Radcliffe employed a young man names Thomas Johnson, who proved to be a clever mechanic. Radcliffe patented his inventions in Johnson's name to avoid other people, especially foreigners, finding out his ideas. He took out his first patent, for a dressing machine, in March 1803 and a second the following year. The combined result of the two patents was the introduction of a beaming machine and a dressing machine which, in addition to applying the paste to the yarns and then drying them, wound them onto a beam ready for the loom. These machines enabled the weaver to work a loom with fewer stoppages; however, Radcliffe did not anticipate that his method of sizing would soon be applied to power looms as well and lead to the commercial success of powered weaving. Other manufacturers quickly adopted Radcliffe's system, and Radcliffe himself soon had to introduce power looms in his own business.

Radcliffe improved the hand looms themselves when, with the help of Johnson, he devised a cloth taking-up motion that wound the woven cloth onto a roller automatically as the weaver operated the loom. Radcliffe and Johnson also developed the "dandy loom", which was a more compact form of hand loom and was also later adapted for weaving by power. Radcliffe was among the witnesses before the Parliamentary Committee which in 1808 awarded Edmund Cartwright a grant for his invention of the power loom. Later Radcliffe was unsuccessfully to petition Parliament for a similar reward for his contributions to the introduction of power weaving. His business affairs ultimately failed partly through his own obstinacy and his continued opposition to the export of cotton yarn. He lived to be 81 years old and was buried in Mellor churchyard.

[br]

Bibliography

1811, Exportation of Cotton Yarn and Real Cause of the Distress that has Fallen upon the Cotton Trade for a Series of Years Past, Stockport.

1828, Origin of the New System of Manufacture, Commonly Called "Power-Loom Weaving", Stockport (this should be read, even though it is mostly covers Radcliffe's political aims).

Further Reading

A.Barlow, 1870, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London (provides an outline of Radcliffe's life and work).

W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a general background of his inventions). R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (a general background).

D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (discusses the spread of the sizing machine in America).

RLH

Biographical history of technology > Radcliffe, William

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